;; -*- coding:utf-8 mode:lisp -*- ;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;; $RCSfile: chinese-ts.work.txt,v $ ;; $Revision: 1.17 $ ;; $Date: 2007/03/08 10:01:00 $ ;; Author: Stefan Mueller (Stefan.Mueller@cl.uni-bremen.de) ;; (c) Stefan Müller & (2006) ;; Purpose: Test data for the Chinese grammar ;; Language: ASCII/UTF-8 ;; URL: ;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;; ;; This is the chinese-ts test suite. ;; ;; Syntax: ;; ;; Lines starting with `;;;' indicate phenomena. Everything ;; that follows such a line is treated as belonging to the ;; phenomenon or phenomena mentioned in this line until ;; a new line starting with `;;;' is found. ;; ;; The general pattern is: ;; ;;; phenomenon (+ phenomenon)* ;; ;; Lines starting with `;;' are treated as comments and are ;; ignored. Everything between `#|' and `|#' is also ignored. ;; ;; The comments following an item will go to the [incr TSDB()] ;; database. Single quotes mark glosses double quotes mark ;; translations. The glosses are displayed in Trale test runs. ;; ;; Use the script trale-test-import to generate test_items.pl ;; for use with TRALE's test suite code. ;; ;; trale-test-import chinese-ts.work.txt > test_items.pl ;; ;; Use the script tsdb-import to create [incr TSDB()] profiles. ;; ;; This directory contains a Makefile that does this for you. ;; ;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;; valency 狗 叫。 ;; 'dog bark' ;;; determiners ;; zhe4 zhi1 gou3 这 只 狗 叫。 ;; 'the CL dog bark' "The dog barks." ;;; syntactic properties of word classes ;;nouns ;; nouns can take CLP as promodifier ;;yi1 ge4 ren2 tiao4wu3 一 个 人 跳舞。 ;; 'one CL people dance' "One person dances." ;;can not be modified by adverbs ;; hen3 gou3 * 很 狗 ;; 'very dog' ;; bu4 qi4che1 * 不 汽车 ;; 'not car' ;; location words ;; follow the prepostions 'zai在'(at) and ‘dao到’(to) ;; take the object position in PPs ;; zai4 bei2jing1 在 北京 ;; 'at Beijing' ;; zai4 wu1 * 在 屋 ;; 'at room' ; although `room' is a location it is not admitted here, it has to be used together with a localizer #| This is not covered yet, `go' is in the lexicon as a transitive verb. We have to think about how to capture the second valence pattern. Maybe a lexical rule can be used that maps the transitive verb onto an intransitive verb + adjunct. However, adjuncts are placed differently, they have to appear in front of the verb. So this would require an additional schema. The examples were introduced to show the `to car' is not a valid phrase, but we can do this without the context. ;;can be filled into the schema 'dao...qu'(to....go) ;;zhang1san1 dao4 de2guo3 qu4 张三 到 德国 去。 ;; Zhangsan to Germany go "Zhangsan goes to Germany" ;;common nouns cannot be put in the above schema ;;zhang1san1 dao4 qi4che1 qu4 * 张三 到 汽车 去。 ;; Zhangsan to car go |# ;; common nouns do not go with prepositions like `to' ;; dao4 qi4che1 * 到 汽车 ;; 'to car' ;; time words ;;; NP structure ;; yi1 ben3 shu1 一 本 书 ;; 'one CL book' "one book" @ Liu99a:72 ;; zhe4 yi1 ben3 shu1 这 一 本 书 ;; 'this one CL book' "this book" @ Liu99a:72 ;; san3 shu1 * 三 书 ;; 'three book' @ Liu99a:72 ;; ben3 shu1 * 本 书 ;; 'CL book' @ Liu99a:72 ;; ben3 yi1 shu1 * 本 一 书 ;; 'CL one book' @ Liu99a:72 ;; yi1 ben3 zhe4 shu1 * 一 本 这 书 ;; 'one CL this book' @ Liu99a:72 ;; yi1 zhe4 ben3 shu1 * 一 这 本 书 ;; 'one this CL book' @ Liu99a:72 ;; shu1 zhe4 ben3 * 书 这 本 ;; 'book this CL' @ Liu99a:72 ;; the noun is omitted ;; yi1 fen4 一 份 ;; 'one CL' "one copy of it" ;; na zhi si le ;; todo: provide translation, ;; todo: this and the following item seems to be missing from the main test suite. ;; todo: simplify this example, use constructions already covered, i.e. intransitive verbs instead of adjectives + ASP ;; 那 只 死 了 ;; that CL cheap APS this item and the next one are a minimal pair ;; zhi si le ;; fen4 ;; CL = copy ;; todo: provide translation ;; * 只 死 了 ;; the classifier cannot be used as a full NP, in an analysis that assumes empty elements for Det and N it has to be assured that not both the Det and the N are empty leaving the CL as the only overt element @ St. Mü. 21.04.2006 ;;; classifier ;; classfieres that do not introduce a relation ;; san1 ben3 shu1 you3 三 本 书 有。 ;; 'three volume=CL book there.are' "There are three books." ;; san3 ben3 hua4bao4 you3 三 本 画报 有。 ;; 'three volume=CL magazines there.are' "There are three magazines." ;; san1 gen1 huo6cai2 you3 三 根 火柴 有。 ;; 'three CL matches there.are' "three matches" ;; san1 zhang1 zhi3 you3 三 张 纸 有。 ;; 'three CL paper there.are' "three sheets of paper" ;; *san3 gen1 hua4bao4 * 三 根 画报 ;; 'three CL magazines' ; incorrect use of CL ;; relational classifiers ;; san1 kuai3 dango you3 三 块 dangao 有。 ;; 'three pieces cake there.are' "There are three pieces of cake." ;; wo3men2 dui4 di2ren2 de na4 ci4 jin4gong1 ;; 我们 对 敌人 的 那 次 进攻。 ;; 'wir gegen Feinde DE jenes Angriff' @LIU Gang ;; na4 ci4 wo3men2 dui4 di2ren2 de jin4gong1 ;; 那 次 我们 对 敌人 的 进攻。 ;; 'that CL we against enemy DE attack' "that attack of ours against the enemy" ;;; NP structure + attributive noun ;; na4 liang4 hong2 de che1 xiu4 le 那 辆 红 的 车 锈了。 ;; 'that CL red DE car rust ASP' "that red car rusts" ;; na4 liang4 hong2 che1 xiu4 le 那 辆 红 车 锈了。 ;; 'that CL red car rust ASP' ; the attributive particle DE is missing, but it is optional ;; hong2 de na4 liang4 che1 xiu4 le 红 的 那 辆 车 锈了。 ;; 'red DE that CL car rust ASP' "that red car rusts." ;; hong2 na4 liang4 che1 xiu4 le * 红 那 辆 车 锈了 ;; 'red that CL car rust ASP' "that red car rusts." ;; na4 liang4 che1 hong2 de xiu4 le * 那 辆 车 红 的 锈了 ;; 'that CL car red.color DE rust ASP' ; wrong order of attributive phrase in the NP, we need the verb here because 'that CL car red.color DE' could be a full sentence #| Since we d not have a proper analysis of adj-noun compounds there is no point in being proud of not getting the wrong strings. ;; the adjective that comes together with se4 (color) ;; cannot be omitted without the above becoming ungrammatical ;; `color色' is the shortened form of the noun ‘yanse1颜色’. ;; na4 liang4 se4 de che1 * 那 辆 色 的 车 ;; 'that CL color DE car' ;; se4 de na4 liang4 che1 * 色 的 那 辆 车 ;; 'color DE that CL car' |# ;;; NP structure + attributive adjective ;; na4 liang4 hong2 de che1 那 辆 红 的 车 ;; 'that CL red DE car' "that red car" ;; na4 liang4 hong2 che1 那 辆 红 车 ;; 'that CL red car' ; attributive particle DE is missing (check Liu99 ? correct contrary to what he claims ??) ;; hong2 de na4 liang4 che1 红 的 那 辆 车 ;; 'red DE that CL car' "that red car" ;; na4 liang4 che1 hong2 de * 那 辆 车 红 的 ;; 'that CL car red DE' ; wrong order of attributive phrase ;; check: ;; na4 hong2 de san1 liang4 che1 * 那 红 的 三 辆 车 ;; 'that red DE three CL car' ; wrong position of adjective @ after XueMcFetridge95 ;; check ;; na4 san1 hong2 de liang4 che1 * 那 三 红 的 辆 车 ;; 'that three red DE CL car' ; wrong position of adjective @ after XueMcFetridge95 ;;; NP structure + relative clause ;; relative clauses with subject gaps ;; mai3 qi4che1 de ren2 hen4 duo1 买 汽车 的 人 很 多。 ;; 'buy car DE people very many' "There were many people, who bought cars." @ after Liu97a:73 ;; relative clauses with object gaps ;; na4 liang4 zhang1san1 mai3 de che1 xiu4 那 辆 张三 买 的 车 锈。 ;; 'that CL Zhang San buy DE car rust' "that car bought by Zhang San rusts" @ after Liu97a:73 ;; zhang1san1 mai3 de na4 liang4 che1 张三 买 的 那 辆 车 ;; 'Zhang San buy DE that CL car' "that car bought by Zhang San" @ Liu97a:73 ;;; extraction of NPs ;; zhang1san1 na4tian1 zai4 zhe4 jia1 shang1dian4 mai3 qi4che1 ;; todo: 张三 那天 在 这 家 商店 买 汽车。;; 'Zhang San that day at this CL shop buy car' "Zhang San boght his car at this shop." ;; subject extraction ;; mai3 qi4che1 de ren2 买 汽车 的 人 ;; 'buy car DE people' "people who buy cars" ;; object extraction ;; zhang1san1 mai3 de qi4ch1 张三 买 的 汽车 ;; 'Zhang San buy DE car' "the car that zhang San bought" ;; adjunct extraxtion ;; zhang1san1 mai3 qi4che1 de shang1dian4 ;; todo: 张三 买 汽车 的 商店 ;; 'Zhang San buy car DE shop' "the shop where Zhang San bought his car" ;; zhang1san1 mai3 qi4che1 de na4 yi1 tian1 ;; todo: 张三 买 汽车 的 那 一 天 ;; 'Zhang San bought car DE that one day' "the day when Zhang San bought his car" ;;; clause structure ;; ta1 song4 shu1 gei3 wo3 他 送 书 给 我。 ;; 'he brings books to me' "He brings book to me." ;; ta1 song4 wo3 shu1 他 送 我 书。 ;; 'he brings I book' "He brings me books." ;; ta1 song4 gei3 wo3 yi1 ben2 shu1 ;; todo: 他 送 给 我 一 本 书。 ;; 'he brings to I one CL book' "He bring me one book." @ p. 111 ;; *ta1 song4 shu1 wo3 * 他 送 书 我。 ;; 'he brings book I' ; the indirect object obligatorily follows the verb ;; shu1 ta1 song4 gei3 wo3 le. 书 他 送 给 我 了。 ;; 'books he brings to me MOOD Particle' "The books, he has brought to me." ;; ta1 ba3 shu1 song4 gei3 wo3 le. 他 把 书 送 给 我 了。 ;; 'he BA books brings to me MOOD Particle' "He has brought the books to me." ;; wo3 kan4 shu1 我 看 书。 ;; 'I read book' "I read books." ;; wo3 cai4 chi1 le 我 菜 吃 了。 ;; 'I vegetable eat ASP+MOOD' "I have had the vegetable." ;; cai4 wo3 chi1 le 菜 我 吃 了。 ;; 'vegetable I eat ASP+MOOD' "The vegetable, I have eaten." ;; wo3 ba3 cai4 chi1 le 我 把 菜 吃 了。 ;; 'I BA vegetable eat ASP + MOOD' "I have eaten up the vegetable." ;; wo3 cai4 ba3 chi1 le * 我 菜 把 吃 了。 ;; 'I vegetable BA eat ASP + MOOD', wrong order of BA @ Stefan Müller ;; ba4 wo3 cai4 chi1 le * 把 我 菜 吃 了。 ;; 'BA I vegetables eat ASP', wrong attachment of BA @ Stefan Müller ;; was ist mit IO/DO-Unterschied ;;; passive ;; cai4 bei4 wo3 chi1 le 菜 被 我 吃 了。 ;; 'vegetable BEI I eat ASP + MOOD' "The vegetable was eaten up by me." ;; bei4 cai4 wo3 chi1 le * 被 菜 我 吃 了。 ;; 'BEI vegetable I eat ASP + MOOD' "wrong attachment of BEI" @ Stefan Müller ;; cai4 rang1 wo3 chi1 le 菜 让 我 吃 了。 ;; 'vegetable Passive-Subject-Marker I eat ASP + MOOD' "The vegetable was eaten up by me." #| ;; what about the passive of trivalent verbs? ;; we have at least the following two options:use the BEI construction, ;; or we use exactly the same verb form but reverse the position of the ;; the agent and patient. ;; ta1 song4 wo3 shu1 ;; 他 送 我 书。 ;; he brings me book ;;we use topicalization ;;the patient takes the subject position ;; shu1 wo3 song4 gei3 ta1 le 书 我 送 给 他 了。 ;; book I brings to he Mood "The book has been brought to him by me." ;; sheng1 ci2 wo3 jiao ta1 le 生 词 我 教 他 了。 ;; new word I teach he Mood "The new words have been taught them by me." ;; it is grammatical to say ;; but the actual occurences are very few ;; shu1 bei4 song4 gei3 le mo3 ;;book BEI bring to ASP I "The book was brought to me." 书 被 送 给 了 我。 ;; the following form of passive ;; is more natural in contemporary Chinese ;; shu1 song4 wo3 le 书 送 我 了。 ;; book bring me "The book was given to me." ;; wo3 song4 shu1 我 送 书。 ;; I bring book "I bring the book (to somebody)." ;; check: what about impersonals? ;; the following expression naturally appears ;; ungrammatical, because the verb ‘jiao4叫’in Chinese ;; as in many other languages is intransitive. ;; bei4 jiao4 le * 被 叫 了 ;; BEI bark ASP "There was barking" @ Stefan Müller ;; apparently, das geht nicht weil das Verb "jiao4 叫" nicht transitive ist. ;; the following expression is possible ;;bei4 yao2 le 被 咬 了 ;; BEI bitten ASP "(he) was bitten." |# ;;this is naturally ungrammatial ;;BEI is not a verb, thus the ASP marker ‘le 了’can ;; not be attached to it. ;; cai4 bei4 le chi1 le ;; check * 菜 被了 吃了。 ;; 'vegetable BEI ASP eat ASP' wrong attachment of aspect marker to passive auxiliary ;;; localizer phrases ;; localizers are nominal by nature ;; rather than prepositional ;; N + Loc ;; wu1 li1 屋 里 ;; 'room in' ;; li1 wu1 * 里 屋 ;; 'in room' ;; N + Loc + Pred.AP ;; wu1 li1 hen3 gan1jing4 屋 里 很 干净。 ;; 'room in very clean' "The room is clean." ;; The localizer may not be omitted if we refer to the inside of the room, but this is due to ;; semantic factors since it is not clear what is ment with respect to the room without the localizer. ;; However, both `car very clean' and `car in very clean' are okay. ;; wu1 hen3 gan1jing4 ;; * 屋 很 干净。 ;; 'room very clean' intended: "The room is clean." ;; wo3 ba4 wo1 li2 da3sao2 le 我 把 屋 里 打扫 了。 ;; 'I BA room in clean-Verb ASP/MOOD' "I have cleaned the room." ; This example shows that `room in' is something nominal. ;; Prep + N + Loc ;; zai1 wu1 li1 在 屋 里 ;; 'at room in' "in the room" ;; NP [PP VP] ;; ta1 zai1 wu1 li1 kan4 bao4 他 在 屋 里 看 报。 ;; 'he at room in read newspaper' "He is reading newspaper in the room." ;; PP NP VP (PP_i NP [t_i VP]) ;; zai1 wu1 li1 ta1 kan4 bao4 * 在 屋 里 他 看 报。 ;; 'at room in he read newspaper' the PP cannot be extracted ;; NP V NP PP ;; ta1 kan4 bao4 zai1 wu1 li1 * 他 看 报 在 屋 里。 ;; 'he read newspaper at room in' "He is reading newspaper in the room." PPs ahve to appear to the left of the VP ;; ta1 zai1 wu1 kan4 bao4 * 他 在 屋 看 报。 ;; 'he at room read newspaper' intended: "He is reading newspaper in the room." The localizer may not be omitted in a PP, since it contains the `prepositional' meaning ;; * NP + LocP + V ;; ta1 wu1 li1 kan4 bao4 * 他 屋 里 看 报 ;; 'he room in read newspaper' ;; N + Loc ;; zhuo1zi xia4 桌子 下 ;; 'table under' "the area under the table" ;; Prep + N + Loc ;; zai4 zhuozi xia 在 桌子 下 ;; 'at table under' "under the table" ;; NP + VP ( V + LocP) ;; ni3 jia1cha3 zhuo1zi xia 你 检查 桌子 下。 ;; 'you examine table under' "You examine the area under the table." ;; Jun says that the monosyllabic form 下 is not appropriate at the end of the above sentence. ;; If it is a modifier, it is okay, but not as a complement. ;; If it is used as a subject it is also okay. ;; In the sentence above 下面 should be used. This form can always be used. ;; Lesart mit verbalem Kalssifier braucht eigentlich noch ein Numeral. Ist sonst nicht vollständig. ;; * NP + V + PreP + LocP ;; ni3 jia1cha3 zai4 zhuo1zi xia * 你 检查 在 桌子 下 ;; 'you examine at table under' ;; N + Loc ;; xue3xiao4 dong1 学校 东 ;; 'school east' "in the east of the school" ;; LocP + Link V + NP ;; xue3xiao4 dong1 shi4 yi1 tiao3 he2 ;; todo: copula is missing 学校 东 是 一 条 河。 ;; 'school east is one CL river' "There is a river in the east of the school." ;; * NP + LocP + V ;; ta1men3 xue3xiao4 dong1 xian4bu4 ;; todo: simplify this example: exchange `take a walk' ;; * 他们 学校 东 散步 ;; 'they school east take a walk' #| ;; 05.05.2006 verbal classifiers ;; gou jiao san bian 狗 叫 三 遍. ;; 'dog barks three times' "The dog barks three times." ;; the cardinal is obligatory: ;; gou jiao bian * 狗 叫 遍. ;; 'dog barks times' ;; gou jiao na san bian 狗 叫 那 三 遍. ;; 'dog barks that three times' ; this is rare but possible: ;; san bian jiao * 三 遍 叫 ;; 'three time bark' |# ;;; prepositions ;; prepositional phrases occur as adjuncts before the VP. ;; zhangsan gen1 lisi gongzuo 张三 跟 李四 工作。 ;; 'Zhangsan with Lisi works' "Zhangsan works with Lisi" ;; zhangsan gongzuo gen1 lisi * 张三 工作 跟 李四。 ;; 'Zhangsan works with Lisi' "Zhangsan works with Lisi" ;; Prepositional phrases do not take the verbal DE. ;; ta1 gen1 lisi DE gongzuo * 他 跟 李四 地 工作。 ;; 'He with Lisi DE works' ; DE is not acceptable here ;;; Adverb ;; wo3 jing1chang2 kan4 shu1 我 经常 看 书。 ;; 'I frequently read book' ;;; Adverb + Negation ;; wo3 bu4 gu4yi4 kan4 shu1 我 不 故意 看 书。 ;; 'I not deliberately read book' ;; wo3 gu4yi4 bu4 kan4 shu1 我 故意 不 看 书。 ;; 'I deliberately not read book' ;;; auxiliary ;; wo3 neng3 kan4 shu1 我 能 看 书。 ;; 'I can read book' ;;; auxiliary + adverb ;; wo3 neng3 jing1chang2 kan4 shu1 我 能 经常 看 书。 ;; 'I can often read book' ;; wo3 bu4 ke2yi2 kan4 shu1 我 不 可以 看 书。 ;; 'I not may read book' wide scope ;; wo3 ke2yi2 bu4 kan4 shu1 我 可以 不 看 书。 ;; 'I may not read book' narrow scope ;;; aspect ;; Ta1 zai4 kan4 shu1 他 在看 书 ;; 'he ASP look book' "He is reading a book" ; durative zai4 has to be realized preverbally ;;; reduplication + aspect ;; ni chang chang tang 你 尝 尝 汤。 ;; 'you taste taste soup' "you taste soup a little bit = Have some soup!" ;; ni xiao xiao 你 笑 笑。 ;; 'you smile smile' "you smile a little bit (delimitative Aspect) = Smile!" ;;; reduplication + adjective ;; ta1 hen gao1xing4 他 很 高兴。 ;; 'he very happy' "he is very happy" ;; ta hen gao1gao1xing4xing4 * 他 很 高高兴兴。 ;; 'he very happy-REDUP' ;; ta1 gao1gao1xing4xing4 you3yong3 他 高高兴兴 游泳。 ;; 'he AABB=happy swim' "he swims happily" (a DE is possible after AABB=happy) ;; ta1 gao1gao1xing4xing4 DE you3yong3 ;; not covered yet ;; 他 高高兴兴 地 游泳。 ;; 'he happy-REDUP DE swim' "he swims happily (overjoyed = intensified)" ;; ta1 gao1gao1xing4xing4 DE you3yong3 他 高兴 地 游泳。 ;; 'he happy DE swim' "he swims happily" ;; the DE may not be ommitted if the adjective is to be used adverbially ;; without the DE we get a different meaning: ;; 他 高兴 游泳。 ;; 'he happy swim' "he is happy to swim" ;; ta1 hen gao1xing4 DE you3yong3 他 很 高兴 地 游泳。 ;; 'he very happy DE swim' "he swims very happily" ;;; presentational construction ;; a localizer phrase or a place word + copula + NP 桌子 上 有 一 本 书。 ;; 'table on exists one CL book' "There is one book on the table." ;; currently, we cannot handle this ;;* 桌子 上 有着 一 本 书。 ;; 'table on exists ASP one CL book' "There is one book on the table." ungrammatical since `exists' already contains aspectual infomration ;; 北京 有 很 多 辆 车。 ;; 'Beijing exist very many CL cars' "There are many cars in Beijing." * 北京 站 很 多 辆 车。 ;; 'Beijing stand very many CL cars' "There stand many cars in Beijing." ; excluded because of animacy constraint on NP 树 下 站着 一 个 人。 ;; 'tree under stand ASP one CL person.' "One person stands under the tree." ;;; scope + MRS ;; mei2 ge4 ren2 xi2huan1 bei2jing1 每 个 人 喜欢 北京。 ;; 'every CL people like Beijing.' ; this has a proper name treated as quantifier. Together with the equivalence test there should be only one reading. ;; mei2 ge4 ren2 xi2huan1 mei2 ben3 shu1 每 个 人 喜欢 每 本 书。 ;; 'every CL people like every CL book' ;; mai3 mei2 liang4 qi4che1 de ren2 xi2huan mei2 ben3 shu1 ;; 买 每 辆 汽车 的 人 喜欢 每 本 书。 ;; 'buy every CL car DE people like one CL book' "people, who bought every car, like one book." but not ;; mei2 ge4 mai3 qi4che1 de ren2 hen4 gao14 每 个 买 汽车 的 人 很 高。 ;; 'every CL buy car DE people very tall' "All persons who bought a car are tall." not There is a car, that everybody bought and everybody is big. ;; mei2 ge4 nv3ren2 xi2huan mo3 ge4 nan2ren2 每 个 女人 喜欢 某 个 男人。 ;; 'every CL woman likes some CL man.' "Every woman likes some man." 1 scoping ;; todo ;; mo3 ge4 nan2ren2 mei2 ge4 nv3ren2 xi2huan ;;* 某 个 男人 每 个 女人 喜欢。 ;; 'some man, every woman likes' ungrammatical, since topics have to be definite ;;; Serial verb constructions ;; ta1 zhong cai mai 他 种 菜 卖。 ;; 'he plant vegetable sell' "He plants vegetables in order to sell it." @ Janna Lipenkova ;; three place verbs in SVCs ;; Ta1 mai3 yi1 ben3 shu1 song4 gei3 wo3. 他 买 一 本 书 送 给 我。 ;; 'he buy one CL book offer for/to me' "He buys a book to offer it to me." @ Janna Lipenkova ;; dreistellige Verben wie song4 können an sich zwei NPs als interne Argumente annehmen, wobei das indirekte Objekt obligatorisch auf das Verb folgt: ;; Ta1 song4 wo3 yi1 jian4 li3wu4. ;; 他 送 我 一 件 li3wu4 ;; 'he offer me one CL present' "He offers me a present." @ Janna Lipenkova ;; In SVCs ist dies jedoch nicht möglich: IOs werden immer durch PPs ausgedrückt: ;; Ta1 mai3 yi1 ben3 shu1 song4 wo3. * 他 买 一 本 书 送 我。 ;; 'he buy one CL book offer me' "He buys a book to offer it to me." ;; Ta1 na2 zhe bi3 hua4 hua4. 他 拿着 笔 画 羊。;; 'he takes.DUR brush draws sheep' "He draws the sheep with a brush." ;; if the first conjunct is marked with perfective aspect, we get a final reading. 他 拿了 笔 画 羊。;; 'he takes.PERF brush draws sheep' "He took the brush to draw the sheep." ;; if the second conjunct is marked with perfective aspect, we get a causative reading. 他 拿 笔 画了 羊。;; 'he takes.PERF brush draws sheep' "He took the brush to draw the sheep." ;; ta1 mai4 che1 zheng4 le hen3 duo1 qian2 他 卖 车 挣了 很 多 钱。 ;; 'he sell car earn.perfASP very much money' "He earned a lot of money because he sold cars." ;; Ta1 na2 shu1 qu4 xue2xiao4. 他 拿 书 去 学校. ;; 'he take book go school' "He goes to school carrying books." manner ;; Durative marking + hold -> Instrument ;; Ta1 na2 zhe kuai4zi chi1fan4. 他 拿着 筷子 吃 饭. ;; 'he hold.durASP chopsticks eat rice' "He eats rice with chopsticks."